Incandescence from the crater was periodically visible. Based on web camera views, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that on 7 February diffuse gas-and-steam plumes rose from Villarrica and quickly dissipated. OVDAS-SERNAGEOMIN reported no significant changes at Villarrica during 20-26 May. Incandescent ejecta was captured in the POVI webcam on 7 February (figure 94). Riffo P, Fuentealba G, Urra L H, 1987. Data from monitoring stations and pictures taken during an overflight on 21 April confirmed the presence of a lava lake and Strombolian explosions. POVI also recorded two ash explosions on 6 February, and photographed 5 m diameter incandescent blocks on 7 February in the air 45 m above the crater. Sources: Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería (SERNAGEOMIN); Proyecto Observación Villarrica Internet (POVI); Oficina Nacional de Emergencia-Ministerio del Interior (ONEMI). Therefore, the composition of magma differs in each of these settings. OVDAS-SERNAGEOMIN reported that at night on 17 March explosions at Villarrica ejected tephra onto the flanks and produced nighttime incandescence. Weak night glow over the summit after 21 days of absence, indicating infilling of the crater floor with incandescent lava. Bombs were ejected more than 50 m above the crater rim, some as large as 1.5 m in diameter. The observer postulated that due to the humid atmospheric conditions that day, the steam condensate in the visible plume remained conspicuous both to a height of 1,500 m above the crater as well as 20 km SW of the crater. 8, 86438 Kissing, Germany; Boris Behncke, Geomar Research Center for Marine Geosciences, Wischhofstrasse 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany; Monika Steinmetz and Jürgen Kendzior, Carmanah Film and Fotodokumentationen, Klausenmühle 5, 64625 Bensheim, Germany. Gradually increasing activity at Villarrica since 15 November prompted OVDAS-SERNAGEOMIN to raise the Alert Level to Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale) on 5 December, and warn the public to stay outside of a 1-km radius around the crater. OVDAS-SERNAGEOMIN reported moderate seismic activity during 29 April-5 May. The first explosion ejected incandescent material above the crater rim and deposited tephra on the E flank as far as 3 km. OVDAS reported steam plumes during August rising to 150 m, sporadic ash and larger pyroclastic emissions around the crater rim, and nighttime incandescence. Infrasound instruments identified two small explosions related to lava lake surface activity. Casertano L, 1963. The Buenos Aires VAAC (Volcanic Ash Advisory Center) reported a plume to 9.1 km altitude drifting ESE later in the day. Mountain guides Victor Sepulveda and Claudio Marticorena reported a vigorously convecting lava lake 50 m in diameter with fountaining from several areas of the lake. Winds blew the ash over the snow-covered SE flank. Continuous explosions with tephra emissions and some black pyroclastic flows over the ice-covered slopes have been observed. Villarrica is a very well monitored volcano, and there are many accessible sites that contain information about the volcano. The quoted material is from a report from Hugo Moreno, Leopoldo López Escobar, Pedro Riffo A., and Gustavo Fuentealba. Escalating seismic amplitudes in March prelude to more explosions and ash. A few times, emissions were gray, attributed to ash emissions from collapses of the inner wall of the crater by SERNAGEOMIN. From mid-October through November 1998 team members noted a descent in the lava pond and a drop in visible activity (BGVN 23:11). On 27 September 2011 incandescence from the lava lake was reflected in the cloud cover above. This behavior continued until 1900 on 15 February. Two days later SERNAGEOMIN raised the alert level to Orange (3 of 4) based on increased DR values close to 80 cm2 and seismic amplitudes of 40 μm/s, as well as increased Strombolian activity and bombs ejected to 500-600 m from the crater. Plinian eruptions and pyroclastic flows that have extended up to 20 km from the volcano were produced during the Holocene. The Alert Level remained at Yellow, the second lowest level on a four-color scale. There is data available for 164 Holocene eruptive periods. Small collapse pit adjacent to main pit is visible … Information Contacts: Jürg Alean, Stromboli On-Line, Rheinstrasse 6, CH-8193 Egisau, Switzerland (URL: http://www.swisseduc.ch/stromboli/); Werner Keller Ulrich, Proyecto de Observacion Villarrica (P.O.V.I. ONEMI maintained an Alert Level Yellow (the middle level on a three-color scale) for the municipalities of Villarrica, Pucón (16 km N), Curarrehue, and the commune of Panguipulli, and the exclusion zone for the public of 500 m around the crater. Brief increase in explosions, mid-September 2019; continued thermal activity through February 2020. Since the beginning of 2005, relatively consistent and continuous MODIS/MODVOLC thermal anomalies were recorded during 1 January through 25 March, 7-21 July, 31 August through 26 September, 17 October through 25 December 2005, and 23 January through 4 September 2006 (figure 21). Continuous degassing was observed during the second half of July; the highest plume rose to 360 m above the crater on 23 July. Villarrica has been relatively quiet since our last report, which discussed events from April 2010 to October 2010 (BGVN 35:10). Steam plumes rose no more than a few hundred meters above the summit and the number of thermal alerts decreased steadily. . If the harmonic tremor increases further in amplitude or high levels are maintained for longer periods, recommendations will be made to move to Level 3 (Amber). Larger explosions on 25 July and 7 August produced ejecta and ash emissions. Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería (SERNAGEOMIN), MIROVA (Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity), Proyecto Observación Villarrica Internet (POVI), Proyecto de Observacion Villarrica (POVI), Publicación Oficial del Grupo Projecto de Observación Villarrica - Internet (P.O.V.I. On 3 February, the crater floor was partially covered with talus, but a small vent was actively degassing in the N part of the crater floor. According to Projecto Observación Visual (POVI), ash plumes observed on 10 and 24 October and 1-2 November rose to altitudes of 3.7-4.6 km and drifted NE. On 29 July 2013 observers photographed the crater and described a thermal anomaly on the S edge of the crater rim, in the same area from which a lava flow originated on 29 December 1971. The ash eruption ceased at about 12 o'clock 30 December. Phreatomagmatic explosions and intense fumarolic activity. Spatter fragments up to 40 cm were scattered around the summit. In late February, after two months of subsidence, the magmatic column reached the crater floor with a weak and irregular degassing. Santiago: Instituto Geografico Militar, 635 p. Hickey-Vargas R, Moreno H, Lopez-Escobar L, Frey F A, 1989. OVDAS reported on 18 December 2014 that the seismic energy had abruptly declined on 9 December. This section of volcanoes has formed in response to the subduction of the Nazca plate beneath the South American plates, and stretches along the backbone of Chile for over a thousand kilometres. On 21 November at 1000, harmonic tremor activity resumed. Nighttime incandescence from the crater was usually observed during clear weather, and seismicity generally decreased during the month. "There were no signs of eruptive activity 6-9 November, although tremors and underground rumbling were reported at Pucón. In addition, the webcam recorded increased surficial activity characterized by Strombolian explosions and intensifying crater incandescence. | November In addition, this report presents several years of incandescence and associated air-clarity data. The highest frequency values occurred in May (5,749) and November 2017 (6,484). | September Contr Mineral Petr, 103: 361-386. After the eruption, observers continued to monitor Villarrica. | October A group of OVDAS scientists conducted a field visit on 27 October and observed 11 new small fumaroles on the inner wall of the crater, and steep walls of pyroclastic material generated in the explosions from earlier in the year. Chilean Continent. Increased activity was characterized by recorded volcano-tectonic earthquakes, increased thermal anomalies identified in satellite data, and increased lava-lake activity. For both indices, nightly observations assigned values on a scale from 0-5, and these were averaged for each month. Strombolian explosions from the crater were observed on 26 September 2011, and tephra deposits on the E edge of the crater were noted. ONEMI maintained an Alert Level Yellow (the middle level on a three-color scale) for the municipalities of Villarrica, Pucón (16 km N), Curarrehue, and the commune of Panguipulli, and changed the exclusion zone for the public to a radius of 500 m around the crater. Explosive energy of gas bubbles and incandescence from the lava lake decreased with respect to late 1999. These events do not comprise the normal background activity. Starting at both 0741 and 0800 similar seismic sequences consisted of early events followed by a later event. Ciencias Fisicas, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile. There is at least one eruption from any volcano in this arc, on average, every year. The seismic data lacked significant high-frequency response. Weak lava production from the central crater opened a new small ice channel, about 200 m long and 50 m wide, toward the N (phase 4, figure 1). General decrease in activity during February-May 2002. The highest number of explosions, five per minute, during the period occurred on 16 February. The eruption was presumably of phreatic origin (triggered by magma-water interaction). Sentinel-2 satellite imagery showed bright thermal anomalies at the summit on 1, 3, 4, 6, 9, 11, 14, 16, 19, 26, 29, and 31 March, twelve of the fourteen days images were taken. Pulsating ash plumes rose 300 m and drifted E. Seismicity increased and was characterized by low-magnitude tremor. POVI reported that on the morning of 7 February bombs were ejected from the crater, some almost 5 m in diameter. Degassing noises were sometimes heard; however, no incandescence or ballistics were reported. 2020: January Material from those eruptions had formed a carpet of tephra that lay scattered around the chimney with thicknesses up to 15 m in the W part of the crater floor. On 10 September seismicity remained high; infrasound signals were recorded at a rate of 50 events per hour. They also collected bombs ejected near the crater rim (figure 39), and observed persistent minor ash-and-gas emissions (figure 41). SERNAGEOMIN stated that two ash pulses were associated with long-period (LP) events at 1146 and 1156 that same day; the first ash emission rose 160 m above the crater rim and drifted NW while the second rose 280 m and drifted 500 m NE. The POVI photos and captions specifically noted that there was a phreatomagmatic explosion on 29 January. Numerous fissures were present in the ice surrounding the channel, and on 3 November the ice cover on the SW flank also showed several deep fissures (phase 2, figure 1). Activity has continued during October 2016-November 2017, with information provided primarily by the Southern Andes Volcano Observatory, (Observatorio Volcanológico de Los Andes del Sur, OVDAS) part of Chile's National Service of Geology and Mining (Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería, SERNAGEOMIN), and Projecto Observación Villarrica Internet (POVI), part of the Fundacion Volcanes de Chile, a research group that studies volcanoes across Chile. February, March, July, August, October, and November each had between 5 and 10 days with thermal anomalies while April, May, June, September, and December all had between 10 and 15 days with MODVOLC alert pixels, indicating continued activity at the lava lake. Methana 28 Mar - 4 Apr 2020 Land of Theseus : The Saronic Gulf opposite Athens is one of the most beautiful and interesting areas of Greece, full of beautiful landscapes, small towns, islands, archeological remains and one of Europe's least known active volcanic areas. Tremor frequency also decreased with distance from the summit. Alerts then followed during 26 October 2006 through 18 February 2007, during 29 April 2007 through 5 June 2007, during 9-11 July 2007, and during 6 September 2007 through 25 December 2007 (24 December local time). Volcanism has it origins deep within the Earth’s interior. On 20 March POVI reported very weak and sporadic incandescence emanating from Villarrica’s crater, noting very low rates of activity since mid-December 2017. | July During April, Observatorio Volcanológico de los Andes del Sur-Servico Nacional de Geologia y Mineria (OVDAS-SERNAGEOMIN) reported that the level of the lava lake rose slightly, gas emissions increased, and incandescence at night was more frequent. The inner crater floor sat ~200 m below the crater rim, the bottom 50 m of which was black in color, possibly composed of scoria. On 4 September, a diffuse ash plume, possibly containing steam and gas, drifted NE. The Alert Level was raised from "Green Level 1" to "Green Level 2" (out of a 3-color, 8-level scale). Incandescence was observed on clear nights. Activity continued to diminish in April and illumination at the summit also decreased. OVDAS-SERNAGEOMIN reported that at 0750 on 3 April the seismic stations at Villarrica began recording more energetic volcanic tremor. In May the activity of the lava pond increased considerably with respect to degassing intensity and frequency. The continuous degassing was gray and white with periodic ash emissions. A small pyroclastic cone was visible inside the summit crater on 28 October (figure 36); by 30 October, most of it had collapsed and molten lava was again visible at the center (figure 37). Nevertheless, some lower frequency events (~2 Hz) took place coincident with weak ash eruptions. While SERNAGEOMIN reported only white degassing to less than 50 m above the summit in March 2018, POVI noted that seismic instruments recorded a slow but sustained increase in released energy. This causes a sudden occurrence of the glow, sometimes with increasing intensity and lasting from a few hours up to 3 days. Information Contacts: Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería (SERNAGEOMIN), Observatorio Volcanológico de Los Andes del Sur (OVDAS), Avda Sta María No. Card 1337 (30 December 1971) O. Gonzalez-Ferran, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. The UAS measurements, however, taken from the young, less diluted gas plume revealed additional short-term patterns that reflected active degassing through discrete, audible gas exhalations (figures 62 and 63). Res., v. 113, p. B08206, doi:10.1029/2007JB005328. The alert level was lowered back to Orange (3 of 4) on 6 March 2015 as activity decreased. Detection of thermal anomalies continued in early 2010, with hot spots on 6 and 22 January, 10, 14, 16, and 23-26 February, and 11 March. Daily plumes of steam rose 160 m above the summit crater during the first half of May 2020; incandescence was visible on clear nights throughout the month. During visits to Villarrica's summit in September observers saw incandescence until the 28th. November 2000 activity. Activity continued to decrease during the second half of September; incandescence was moderate with no avalanches observed, and intermittent emissions with small amounts of material were noted. A 6-km-wide caldera formed during the late Pleistocene. ONEMI maintained an Alert Level Yellow (the middle level on a three-color scale) for the municipalities of Villarrica, Pucón (16 km N), Curarrehue, and the commune of Panguipulli, and the exclusion zone for the public of 500 m around the crater. | December Figure 7 compares the scene in the crater on 4 April to 15 October. Seismicity at Villarrica during October 2016-November 2017 was relatively stable (figure 52), although it varied between about 2,500 and 6,500 events per month, with over 90% recorded as LP events, and only a few VT (volcano-tectonic) events. Moreno, H., Fuentealba, G., and Riffo, P. (in press), The 1984-1985 eruption of Villarrica, southern Andes of Chile (39°21'S): Basaltic Lava Flows Furrowed the Ice Cap. On 12 May, OVDAS-SERNAGEOMIN reported that a slight increase in activity from Villarrica during April led to a change in the Alert Level from Green Level 1 to Green Level 2. Observations by local residents suggest that during the early morning of 26 September a second explosion occurred, depositing new ash. During the report period, 16 such magmatic pulses were observed and 10 additional pulses were inferred for periods of non-observation due to weather conditions. 0104, Santiago, Chile (URL: http://www.sernageomin.cl/); Proyecto Observación Villarrica Internet (POVI) (URL: http://www.povi.cl/). Sources: Proyecto Observación Villarrica Internet (POVI); Oficina Nacional de Emergencia-Ministerio del Interior (ONEMI); Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería (SERNAGEOMIN); Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC). The lava lake was not visible and remained more than 110 m below the crater rim; a small spatter event was detected by a webcam on 7 March 2018 (figure 61). EarthChem is operated by a joint team of disciplinary scientists, data scientists, data managers and information technology developers who are part of the NSF-funded data facility. Seismicity again increased significantly at 0230 on 3 March. Noise from degassing was weak. A volcanic arc is usually formed by a chain of volcanoes. Ash eruption and lava flows; lahars cause major damage and kill 30 people, Card 1347 (01 February 1972) Ash eruption and lava flows; lahars cause major damage and kill 30 people, "An eruption began at midnight 29/30 December. Crater incandescence was visible later that day. The incandescent lava was only visible through a small opening (20-30 m) in a solid crust. It parallels the trench approximately 100 km inland. Seismographs indicated harmonic tremor at base levels and at 1400 on 9 October, tremor bands were recorded. During 19-22 March pulsating plumes recorded by the webcam had a greater concentration of ash, and rose 100-500 m and drifted NE. ONEMI reported that during 1-15 July activity at Villarrica was characterized by nighttime crater incandescence, gas emission, and sporadic tephra emissions. Onlookers have reported incandescent material within the gas-and-pyroclastic column. "In agreement with mid-April explosions and seismic data, aerial observations and photos around that time (taken by members of the Corporacion Nacional Forestal) revealed the growth of a new pyroclastic cone. MODVOLC thermal alerts were issued nearly continuously during September 2006. Weak Strombolian explosions continued throughout the remainder of March. Six MODVOLC thermal alerts were issued in January and one in February. They noted that, despite low seismicity, Strombolian explosions on 24 March ejected material more than 25 m above the crater rim. A pond of actively convecting and spattering lava is present at the bottom of the pit (about 70 m below the lip of the crater), making Villarrica South America's only volcano with a persistently active lava lake. Another lava fountaining episode was observed reaching around 70 m above the crater on 14 May (figure 78). Katmai USA Alaska Convergent North American Pacific . Detonations from the crater were heard during 10-12 December. These corresponded well with MODVOLC thermal alert data which recorded one alert on 28 November 2017, 10 alerts during 2-11 December 2017, and five alerts between 30 July and 2 August 2018. However, there have been reports of minor activity. Incandescence was observed in the crater throughout April, and ballistics were ejected ~20-110 m as frequently as every 2-10 minutes during mid-April. Information Contacts: G. Fuentealba and P. Peña, Univ de La Frontera; M. Petit-Breuilh, Fundación Andes, Temuco. According to Projecto Observación Visual Volcán Villarrica (POVI), ash emissions rose from Villarrica on 9 April and incandescence emanated from the crater at night. Increased seismicity was detected during November 2017. Strombolian explosions and night glow were observed between April and August (BGVN 22:08). Fluctuations of several meters up and down each month were reported through February 2017, and again in October 2017. 0104, Santiago, Chile (URL: http://www.sernageomin.cl/); MIROVA (Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity), a collaborative project between the Universities of Turin and Florence (Italy) supported by the Centre for Volcanic Risk of the Italian Civil Protection Department (URL: http://www.mirovaweb.it/); Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP) - MODVOLC Thermal Alerts System, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), Univ. An aerial view of the summit on 15 October showed a solid and fractured lava crust on the bottom of the crater and very low gas emission that was mainly water vapor caused by the melting and evaporation of small blocks of ice and snow that fell into the crater. Early on 5 February, after a break of 2 months, the lava pond reappeared on the crater floor. MODVOLC recorded thermal anomalies between 5 and 10 times each month from January through April, between 1 and 4 times in May, July, and August, and again between 5 and 10 times in September and October. For example, the activity reported above for late March through early April 2005 did not generate MODIS/MODVOLC thermal anomalies. Two small ash emissions from the summit crater. Lava lake reappears in February 2015 and is ongoing; large ash explosion on 3 March 2015. Observers confirmed that the magma column had subsided again on 25 August for the second time this year and that the fumarolic activity was interrupted. Information Contacts: Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería (SERNAGEOMIN), Observatorio Volcanológico de Los Andes del Sur (OVDAS), Avda Sta María No. On 6 August the Alert Level was raised by SERNAGEOMIN from Green to Yellow (on a scale of Green, Yellow, Orange, and Red indicating the greatest level of activity) due to activity being above the usual background level, including ejecta confirmed out to 200 m from the crater with velocities on the order of 100 km/hour (figure 82). Sentinel satellite imagery also provided valuable data. Minor ash emissions rose to low heights above the crater rim on 22 December. Beginning on 5 April 2010, thermal anomalies became more frequent, with detections on 18 days in April, and 14 days in May. Webcam images showed whitish gas emissions rising no higher than 500 m above the crater rim during the day, with occasional nighttime crater incandescence and ejected material seen at night. of Hawai'i, 2525 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA (URL: http://modis.higp.hawaii.edu/). Information Contacts: HIGP MODIS Thermal Alert System, Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP), University of Hawaii and Manoa, 168 East-West Road, Post 602, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA (URL: http://modis.higp.hawaii.edu/). Long-period (LP) events were recorded by the seismic network at 1146 and 1156 on 16 February. Observations by POVI scientists during December 2016 included continued evidence of cone creation and destruction in the vent (figure 42), and small lava fountains (figure 43).